ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Synthesis, spectroscopic investigation and coductometry of a new hexadentate symmetric Schiff base ligand containing N2O2S2 donor atoms and related complexes with Cd(II), Zn(II), Co(II) and Mn (II) metal ions
In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of a new symmetric macroacyclic Schiff base ligand (H2L) and related complexes with different metals. (H2L) was synthesized by the one pot condensation reaction of 2-[2-(2-formyl phenoxy)ethoxy]benzaldehyde and 2-aminobenzenethiol in a 1:2 molar ratio. The acyclic Schiff base was characterized by IR, NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Also, the resulting synthesized metal complexes in this work were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and molar conductivity in all cases and NMR spectroscopy for the case of Cd(II) complex. . The molar conductivities at 10-3 M concentration for the complexes in acetonitrile are in the range expected for their formulation as 1:2 electrolytes.
https://icc.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_1891_0a81827b3d44332c0c7c4b0061ff6994.pdf
2016-04-01
133
141
Schiff base
macroacyclic
symmetric
hexadentate
donor atoms
complex
Reza
Golbedaghi
golbedaghi82@gmail.com
1
Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ehsan
Alavipour
ehsan.alavai1987@gmail.com
2
Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
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35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A facile and efficient synthesis of Baclofen
γ-Aminobutiric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system is activated by the antispastic and muscle relaxant agent, Baclofen, which is a lipophilic derivative of GABA. Because of its biological and pharmacological importance, there are several reports in the literature about the synthesis of baclofen since 1962. In this study baclofen was easily synthesized by Claisen condensation of ethyl acetoacetate and p-chlorobenzaldehyde, formation of cyclic imide from β(p-chlorophenyl) glutaric acid and further Hoffmann rearrangement of β(p-chlorophenyl) glutarimid. Reagents used were inexpensive and commercially available. The overall yield of the reported strategy was 50% which is a good yield compare with other previous reports.
https://icc.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_1893_96175da244578a5feacd5d1c623dee4f.pdf
2016-04-01
142
145
Baclofen
Synthesis
GABA receptor
γ-aminobutiric acid
Ali
Saberi
1
Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-4697 Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
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1
[2] N.G. Bowery, A.L. Hudson, G.W. Price, Neuroscience (Oxford), 1987, 20, 365-368.
2
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3
[4] D. A. Williams and T. L. Lemke, Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, 5th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilings, Philadelphia, 2002, 492-503.
4
[5] T. Ibuka, A. Schoenfelder, P. Bildstein and A. Mann, Synth. Commun., 1995, 25, 1777-1782.
5
[6] F. Coelho, M. B. M. De Azevedo, R. Boschiero and P. A. Resende, Synth. Commun. , 1997, 27, 2455-2465.
6
[7] R. Chenevert and M. Desjardins, Tetrahedron Lett., 1991, 32, 4249-4250.
7
[8] N. Longlois, N. Dahuron and H. S. Wang, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 15117-15126.
8
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Isolation and identification of gallic acid from the elaeagnus angustifolia leaves and determination of total phenolic, flavonoids contents and investigation of antioxidant activity
Elaeagnus angustifolia has many potential applications in drugs, detergents, perfumes, herbal teas and show various biological and pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and other effective treatment of disease. Gallic acid (GA) and its derivative methyl gallate (MG) are well studied plant phenolics. They have exhibited anticancer effects in several cancer cell lines. In the present work, The E. angustifolia leaves were collected from the enclosure of Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University trees and were dried in the shade condition, were milled and extracted successively with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus for 24 h. Further study on the methanol extract of this plant has resulted in the isolation of gallic acid. The structure of the compound was established by spectroscopic methods. Antioxidant properties of flavonoid and phenolic compoundes were measured.
https://icc.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_1892_8396d285635b52f6ba3bd74ef1e0fc09.pdf
2016-04-01
146
154
Elaeagnus angustifolia
Gallic acid
isolation
soxhlet extractor
Abdolreza
Abri
ar.abri@azaruniv.ac.ir
1
Chemistry Department, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, 53714-161 Tabriz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mojgan
Maleki
m.phytochemistry@yahoo.com
2
Chemistry Department, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, 53714-161 Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] A. Esmaeili, B. Saremnia, A. Koohian, S. Rezazadeh, Superlattice Microstruct, 2011, 50, 340-349.
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[2] J.B. Taheri, F. Anbar, Z. Maleki, S. Boostani, A. Zarghi, F. Pouralibaba, J. Dent. Res. Dent. Clin. Dent. Prospects, 2010, 4, 29-33.
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35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
One-pot, four-component synthesis of fully substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives from N-isocyaniminotriphenylphosphorane (Ph3PNNC), a primary amine, a carboxylic acid and cinnamaldehyde
The imine intermediate generated by the addition of primary amine to the cinnamaldehyde is trapped by the N-isocyaniminotriphenylphosphorane (Ph3PNNC) and a carboxylic acid, and leads to the formation of the corresponding iminophosphorane intermediate. The 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives are formed via intramolecular aza-Wittig reaction of the iminophosphorane intermediate. The reactions were completed under neutral conditions at room temperature. The fully substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives were produced in high yields. The method offers a mild, simple, and efficient route for the preparation of fully substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazols. The structures of the products were deduced from their IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectra, and mass spectrometry.
https://icc.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_1894_daf32f204423645a2c5e64a6f3459be8.pdf
2016-04-01
155
164
N-isocyaniminotriphenylphosphorane
cinnamaldehyde
carboxylic acids
oxadiazole
aza-Wittig reaction
Fatemeh
Kalantari
kalantari.2003@gmail.com
1
Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, P O Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Ramazani
aliramazani@gmail.com
2
Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, P O Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Zeinali Nasrabadi
f_pzeinali@yahoo.com
3
Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] J. Zhu, H. Bienaymé, Eds. Wiley. Weinheim, 2005.
1
[2] A. Domling, Chem. Rev., 2006, 106, 17–89.
2
[3] I. Yavari, A. Mirzaei, Z. Hossaini, S. Souri, Mol Divers., 2010, 14, 343–347.
3
[4] A. Ramazani, F. Zeinali Nasrabadi, Z. Karimi, M. Rouhani, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 2011, 32, 2700-2704
4
[5] I. Ugi, B. Werner, A. Dömling, Molecules, 2003, 8, 53-66.
5
[6] I. Yavari, Z. Hossaini, M. Sabbaghan, Mol Divers., 2006, 10, 479-482.
6
[7] F. Zeinali Nasrabadi, A. Ramazani, Y. Ahmadi, Mol Divers., 2011, 15, 791–798.
7
[8] B.S. Holla, R.Gonsalves, S. Shenoy, Eur. J. Med . Chem., 2000, 35, 267-271.
8
[9] I. R. Baxendale, S. V. Ley, M. Martinelli, Tetrahedron., 2005, 61, 5323-5349.
9
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10
[11] Y.Wang, D.R. Sauer, S.W. Djuric, Tetrahedron Lett., 2006, 47, 105-108.
11
[12] F. Palacios, D. Aparicio, G. Rubiales, C. Alonso, JM. de los Santos, Curr. Org. Chem., 2009, 13, 810-828.
12
[13] H. Stolzenberg, B. Weinberger, WP. Fehlhammer, FG. Pühlhofer, R. Weiss, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2005, 21, 4263-4271.
13
[14] (a) A. Ramazani, A. Bodaghi, Tetrahedron Lett., 2000, 41, 567-568; (b) P. Pakravan, A. Ramazani, N. Noshiranzadeh, A. Sedrpoushan, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Silicon Relat. Elem., 2007, 182, 545-549; (c) A. Ramazani, N. Shajari, F. Gouranlou, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Silicon Relat. Elem., 2001, 174, 223-227.
14
[15] (a) A. Ramazani, M. Rahimifard, A. Souldozi, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Silicon Relat. Elem., 2007, 182, 1-5; (b) A.Ramazani, M.. Rahimifard, N. Noshiranzadeh, A.Souldozi, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Silicon Relat. Elem., 2007, 182, 413-417.
15
[16] (a) A. Ramazani, E. Ahmadi, A. R. Kazemizadeh, L. Dolatyari, N. Noshiranzadeh, I.Eskandari, A. Souldozi, Phosphorus, Sulphur, Silicon Relat. Elem., 2005, 180, 2419-2422; (b) A. Ramazani, I. Amini, A. Massoudi, Phosphorus, Sulphur, Silicon Relat. Elem., 2006, 181, 2225-2229.
16
[17] (a) A. Ramazani, A. Tofangchi Mahyari, M. Rouhani, A. Rezaei, Tetrahedron Lett., 2009 50, 5625–5627; (b) A. Ramazani, A. Rezaei, A. Tofangchi Mahyari, M. Rouhani, M. Khoobi, Helv. Chim. Acta., 2010, 93, 2033-2036; (c) A. Ramazani, Y. Ahmadi, R. Tarasi, Heteroatom. Chem., 2011, 22, 79-84.
17
[18] (a) A. Souldozi, A. Ramazani, N. Bouslimani, R. Welter, Tetrahedron Lett., 2007, 48, 2617–2620; (b) A. Souldozi, A. Ramazani, Tetrahedron Lett., 2007, 48, 1549–1551; (c) A. Souldozi, A. Ramazani, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Silicon Relat. Elem., 2009, 184, 3191-3198.
18
[19] (a) A. Souldozi, A. Ramazani, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Silicon Relat. Elem., 2009, 184, 2344-2350; (b) A. Souldozi, A. Ramazani, Arkivoc., 2008, xvi, 235-242; (c) A. Souldozi, K. Ślepokura, T. Lis, A. Ramazani, Z. Naturforsch, 2007, 62b, 835–840
19
[20] (a) A. Ramazani, A. Rezaei, Org. Lett., 2010, 12, 2852-2855; (b) A. Ramazani, Y. Ahmadi, M. Rouhani, N. Shajari, A. Souldozi, Heteroatom Chem., 2010, 21, 368-372.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Synthesis and characterization of some polymer derivatives of carvacrol as drug delivery system
Carvacrol is one of the main components of the EO of some Labiatae (Laminaceae) members like oregano, thyme and savory. Carvacrol has a lot of health benefits for example, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity.We synthesized some silicon derivatives of carvacrol, and characterized them by standard methods. Then the monomer of dimethylvinylsilyl carvacrol was synthesized. Copolymer of this monomer and methacrylic acid (MAA) was synthesized with different ratios. And releases of these polymers as an drug delivery systems were investigated in the pH = 1 pH = 7.4.In this way , we stnthesized a new sily polymer with base of drug delivery system for a phytochemical compound.
https://icc.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_1895_df8a200fd25a1544e349a629471af01d.pdf
2016-04-01
165
174
carvacrol
oregano
silyl ethers
copolymer
drug delivery
Mohammad
Galehassadi
mgalehassadi@yahoo.com
1
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Rezaii
ebrahimrezayii@gmail.com
2
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] V. Lagouri, G. Blekas, M. Tsimidou, S. Kokkini, D. Boskou, Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 1993, 197, 20–23.
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[2] D. Kustrak, J. Kuftinec, N. Blazevic, M. Maffei, J. Essent. Oil Res., 1996, 8, 7–13.
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[3] M. Pirigharnaei, S. Zare, R. Heidary, J. Khara, R. Emamali Sabzi, F. Kheiry. Avicenna J Phytomed, 2011, 1, 106-114.
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[9] CC. Garcia, L. Talarico, N. Almeida, S.
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Colombres, C. Duschatzky, E. B. Damonte,
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Phytother. Res., 2003, 17, 1073-1075.
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37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Microwave-assisted synthesis of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-nitrophenyl)porphyrin and zinc derivative and study of their bacterial photoinactivation
In this study, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-nitrophenyl)porphyrin (TNPP) and its zinc porphyrin complex (ZnTNPP) were synthesized in situ using the microwave method and identified by UV-Vis, FT-IR and 1H NMR. The photostability and photodynamic antimicrobial activity (PACT) of these compounds were investigated on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis under visible light irradiation. MIC, MBC and inhibition zones produced by these compounds were determined and the number of bacteria counted. The results indicated that both compounds have significant stability when illuminated for various illumination periods in nutrient broth media. Both compounds exhibited more effective activity against P. aeruginosa than B. subtilis in nutrient agar.
https://icc.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_1935_cb24098fd616dfbce9f734c2f2b19b67.pdf
2016-04-01
175
185
Antimicrobial activity
Bacillus subtilis
photoinactivation
pseudomonas aeruginosa
TNPP
Rahmatollah
Rahimi
rahmatollah.rahimi93@gmail.com
1
Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Fayyaz
f.fayyaz@yahoo.com
2
Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Rassa
rassa9@yahoo.com
3
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahboubeh
Rabbani
m_rabani@iust.ac.ir
4
Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology,
AUTHOR
[1] E. Feese, H. Sadeghifar, H.S. Gracz, D.S. Argyropoulos, R.A. Ghiladi, Biomacromolecules, 2011, 12, 3528–3539.
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35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Tetrabutylammonium bromide-Cesium carbonate: new reagent system for the synthesis of substituted pyridines at room temperature
The highly substituted pyridine derivatives are found to exhibit diverse pharmacological activities. They are also emerged as potential medicinal leads in developing therapeutic agents for the treatment of various diseases. In this work, a series of 2-amino-3,5-dicarbonitrile-6-thio-pyridine derivatives have been synthesized at room temperature via one-pot, multi-component reaction of various aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile and thiophenols using catalytic amount of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) and cesium carbonate in methanol. In the present method, the use of thermal condition is avoided. In addition, the advantages such as operational simplicity, economic viability, ecologically benign nature make this protocol a very efficient alternative to the literature methods.
https://icc.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_2049_0e4053c5d645a1575e77fa11481e6ea0.pdf
2016-04-01
186
197
aldehydes
malonitrile
thiophenol
substituted pyridines
tetrabutylammonium bromide
Cesium carbonate
Vinod
Kamble
vtkdh1@gmail.com
1
Organic Chemistry Research laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Nagpur-440001 Maharashtra, India.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sandeep
Atkore
sandeepat@rediffmail.com
2
School of Chemical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Vishnupuri, Nanded-431606 Maharashtra, India.
AUTHOR
Parshuram
Pisal
parshuramm@rediffmail.com
3
School of Chemical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Vishnupuri, Nanded-431606 Maharashtra, India.
AUTHOR
Munazza
Sadaf
munazzasadaf@gmail.com
4
Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Nagpur
AUTHOR
Renuka
Thakre
renu_t@rediffmail.com
5
Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Nagpur
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Vanadium oxide supported on mesocellulous silica foams (MCF): An efficient and reusable catalyst for selective oxidation of sulfides
A green, efficient and selective approach for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones with UHP at room temperature is reported. The reaction is performed in the presence of vanadia catalyst supported on mesocellular silica foam (MCF) with a V content ranging from 2% to 10% as heterogeneous and reusable catalyst. The structural and textural characterization of this catalyst were done using FTIR, X-ray diffraction, and N2 adsorption-desorption. This catalyst was found to be effective for selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and the 5.6% V/MCF catalyst showed the highest activity. It is noteworthy that the reaction tolerates oxidatively sensitive functional groups and the sulfur atom is selectively oxidized.
https://icc.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_1957_2fe3231b6170660af81df77afe206fa5.pdf
2016-04-01
198
206
Supported vanadia catalyst
impregnation method
oxidation of sulfides
mesocellular silica foams
Zahra
Mohagheghian
yasbeheshti@gmail.com
1
Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, 86145-311, Iran.
AUTHOR
Razieh
Fazaeli
raziehfazaeli@yahoo.com
2
Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, 86145-311, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hamid
Aliyan
aliyan@iaush.ac.ir
3
Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, 86145-311, Iran
AUTHOR
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[23] F. Gao, Y. Zhang, H. Wan, Y. Kong, X. Wu, L. Dong, B. Li, Yi Chen, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 2008, 110, 508-516.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Dimethyl sulfide for 3-carboaldehyde pyridine displacement in a platinum(II) complex: Donor number effect
The therrmodynamic parameters and equilibrium constant of displacement of dimethy sulfide by 3-carboaldehyde pyridine as N-donor ligand in cis-[Pt(4-MeC6H4)2(SMe2)2] complex have been measured using UV vis spectroscopy in acetone, dichloromethane and benzene at various temperatures (T=15-20 °C) and compared with previous my reported about similar reaction. ΔHo (KJ.mol-1) of the mentioned reaction in acetone has been 7.158 while obtained less in dichloromethane (4.109 ) and more in benzene(9.96). The entropy of the reaction has been obtained 86.86 J.mol-1.K-1 in acetone , while calculated less in CH2Cl2 (73.29 J.mol-1.K-1) and more in last solvent (97.40 J.mol-1.K-1). Also, the Gibbs energy, ΔG (J.mol-1), of the reaction obtained -18738.79, -17741.55 and -19043.06 respectively, with the same order. In all three solvents, the values of enthalpy and entropy change have been positive and decreased as the donor number of the solvents decreased.
https://icc.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_2001_36807c527280429b1c6aeb30f590ccb4.pdf
2016-04-01
207
213
platinum
thermodynamic
3- carboaldahyde pyridine
donor number
Alireza
Akbari
ali_r_akbari@yahoo.com
1
Chemistry Department, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697 Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] C. Sacht, M.S. Datt, Polyhedron, 2000, 19, 1347-1354.
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25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Sulfamic acid supported on cellulose as a biodegradable and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo xanthene derivatives
Cellulose bonded N-propyl diethylene tetra sulfamic acid (CBPDETSA) was successfully applied as a green and recyclable acidic catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo [a] xanthene-11-one as an important class of potentially bioactive compounds. The products are obtained by the coupling of 2-naphtol , cyclohexadione and aldehyde derivatives in good to high yields (70- 92%) under solvent-free conditions. The reactivity of different aromatic aldehydes was influenced by the nature and position of the substituents on the aromatic ring. The benzaldehyde derivatives having an electron-withdrawing substituent were highly reactive and gave the products in excellent yields. Also, the catalyst could be recovered by filtration and subjected to a second reaction process. The results show that the yield of product after five runs was only slightly reduced.
https://icc.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_2102_58ad90fe196b69981d9197edba596210.pdf
2016-04-01
214
225
Heterogeneous catalyst
cellulose
xanthene
solvent-free
CBPDETSA
Batol
Zakerinasab
bzakerinasab@birjand.ac.ir
1
Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand 97175-615, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Nasseri
manasri@birjand.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand 97175-615, Iran
AUTHOR
Hassan
Hassani
hassaniir@yahoo.com
3
Department of Chemistry, Payam Noor University, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] R. Yolanda, de Miguel, J Chem Soc Perkin Trans., 2000, 1, 4213-4221.
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[2] R.A. Sheldon, H. Van Bekkum, Fine Chemicals through Heterogeneous Catalysis, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001.
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8
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23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
One-pot three-component synthesis of dialkyl 3-(alkylamino)-1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-4,5-dicarboxylates using α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles and phenylisocyanate in solvent-free conditions
This work described a simple and efficient synthesis of dialkyl 3-(alkylamino)-1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-4,5-dicarboxylates via a three component reaction between arylhydrazine, alkylisocyanid and dialkylacetylenedicarboxylates in the presence of phenylisocyanate and α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Eco friendly, solvent-free conditions, excellent yields, and short reaction times, inexpensive and readily available catalysts are the main advantages of this method. In this work, phenylisocyanate and α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles used as a potent mixed catalyst for promoting the reaction and taking it in a special way to obtain the titled compounds in good to excellent yields. This reaction was not carried out without any of the components of this mixed catalyst. It means that for performance this reaction both of the mixed catalyst components is required.
https://icc.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_2103_91868cf917a797da7fdf4cb5bc4eea88.pdf
2016-04-01
226
235
pyrazole
α-Fe2O3
phenylisocyanate
nanocatalyst
solvent-free
Bagher
Mohammadi
bagher.mohammadi@yahoo.com
1
Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-4697 Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Maryam
Rahmani
maryamrahmani381@yahoo.com
2
Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-4697 Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
[1] A. Domling, I. Ugi, International Edition, 2000, 39, 3168-3210.
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[2] R.C. Cioc, E. Ruijter, R.V. Orru, Green Chemistry, 2014, 16, 2958-2975.
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12
Helvetica ChimicaActa, 2010, 93, 2033-2036.
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